Abdullah
EAP2
Research paper

Hawaii whales

I love the sea, and that's how I became interested in this topic. The problem is located at the coast of Hawaii, where the U.S. Navy is doing its war game with other countries. The U.S. Navy is using the mid frequency sonar in this war game which is harmful for whales, and other mammals. According to New Standard, “mid-frequency sonar can harm whales and other marine life like dolphins and turtles (2006). Whales are big mammals that live in the ocean, and are sensitive, especially near the ears. And the mid frequency is killing them, but the U.S. Navy is saying that they are not killing whales. According to the U.S. Navy “Sonar is an invaluable tool to protect our nation,” and they are concerned about the dead whales near Hawaii ocean, According to the U.S. Navy “the Navy spends millions of dollars each year on marine mammal research to better understand the potent ional effects of manmade sounds on marine mammals to help ensure that Navy policy and compliance are based on real science. Finally, the federal judge ruled that the U.S. Navy cannot use sonar until they can show wither it is harmful to whales or not.

I plan on writing three things that should be done about the dead whales near Hawaii. First, the U.S. Navy should do their training where there are no whales, so they can save the nation and the environment at the same time. Second, the U.S. Navy should have machines that move the mammals from the mid frequency sonar because whales are very important for the environment. Finally, the U.S. Navy should develop their current sonar to be less harmful to the mammals so they can make the environment safer.

I have found a lot of articles that helped me to get a background information on the danger of the mid frequency sonar. I still need some articles about mammal’s lives to solve this problem.

References:

“Navy in hot water for undersea trainings.” (2006). The New Standard. Retrieved from http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/3382 on the (July 20, 2006)

United States Navy (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.whalesandsonar.navy.mil/understanding _sonar.htm on (July 20, 2006)

Who are the homeless?
The are people who don’t have a place to live or a job to get money they suffer from "economic reason, unemployment, inflation, decreasing availability of low-rent housing" (Torrey, 1991, p. 35). Second are people who use alcohol and drugs; this gives them less sympathy from the society (Torrey, 1991).

What causes homelessness?
The causes of homeless are: people who have mental problems, and were sent to the community, as a new way to help them, so they can get better treatment, but there was not enough centers, and because of that the project failed (Kozol, 1989). The second cause are singles who have babies, but can not pay for their day care, and don’t want to risk their job; the result of that was to put them on the streets (Bidinotto, 1990).

Navy vs. whales

According to New Standard Staff (2006) in "Navy in hot water for undersea trainings," the US Navy is killing the whales! This problem is happening near Hawaii. The Navy was starting a war game and hunting down enemies, by using mid-frequency sonar, which is harmful on whales and can lead to death. The war game is multi national, and involves many ships and submarines from Great Britain, China and South Africa. Researchers found that the Navy did a similar exercise in the same place, and the result of that was tens of dead whales all because of the practices of the US Navy. The national ocean and Atmospheric Administration is quoted as explaining the incident by saying that the US Navy's using the mid-frequency sonar was "plausible if not likely, contributing factor to the animal entering and remaining in the bay." In the year 2000 a similar incident happened to many kinds of whales after the use of the mid-frequency sonar in the Bahamas, and from that scientists found that the whales are dying from sonar, and to prove that, they showed some whales who had bleeding near and around the ears. After that, in 2004 another report came from the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission saying that the “evidence is very convincing and appears overwhelming” that the main reason of the death of the whales in the Bahamas is the mid-frequency sonar which was used by the US Navy at that time. And in 2006 the US National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) allowed the US Navy to use the mid-frequency sonar in their exercise for this year. Finally, federal agencies found that Navy exercise can kill thousands of fishes by a single blast, and these exercises are done at a minimum of four times every month.
Military practices should protect nations not kill them and I think that they should stop these practices, because they are very harmful to the ocean fishes and the environment.
Whales or any kind of fishes should be respected, because God did not create them to get killed by a war game where every nation is just showing its muscles for noting and the advantage of that is dead fish.
The environment is too getting destroyed from these practices, because after they finiesh this war game they will leave mauch of their garbage in the ocean which will affect badly on the ocean.
In many regions in the world people are starving because they don’t have any food to eat, and on the other side of the world people are killing fishes in thousands every year which can feed millions of poor people and all of that killing is for a war game! Governments should stop there practices if they really want to stop hunger in the world.
In conclusion, the military should stop there practices so the fishes and the environment can be more better. God put us in this world to save it not to roan it.
"Navy in hot water for undersea trainings." (2006). The new standared Retrieved from http://newstandardnews.net/content/?action=show_item&itemid=3382; on the 2006-07-13.

Navy helping mammals

According to the U.S. Navy's online resource for information concerning sonar and marine mammals, Sonar is for "Sound Navigation and Ranging," Which is using underwater acoustics to know the water depth. This tool is used to know who is underwater so they can defend the nation if there is an attack. There are two types of sonar, passive sonar and active sonar. First, passive sonar it is a listening machine which depends on hydrophonics to receive its amplify; this machine is mainly used to know if there are submarines from the sound of there engines; the best thing about this machine is that it dose not have any sound but it can not detect submarines that work on batteries and that run it run at a low speed. Second, the active sonar work is by sending pulses of sound underwater, that will touch submarines and return back to the machine, which is similar to the echo; this signals will be converted to electronic signals; the signal will tell us which other submarines are close to us, and the speed, and size of the submarine. The best benifit of this machine is to locate and to track other submarines, but it can lead other submarines to now about our location too; this machine which is called mid-frequency sonar is installed in most Navy’s submarines; there are three types of active sonar, first, is a high frequency sonar, which is used to know the water depth, hunting mines and guiding torpedoes. The second is the mid-frequency sonar, which is used to identify and prosecuting submarines; this machine has been used since the second war. Finally, the low frequency sonar, is used for long-range search, and for the surveillance of submarines. This machine is known as the protector of the nation; at the same time the US Navy is doing its best to protect mammals by doing researches to understand how can it affect mammals. The US Navy is trying its best to protect mammals by making there training in the daytime hours if possible. The US Navy should try to depend more on active sonar, and try to depend on the passive sonar; the US Navy should use devices to avoid mammals; and the mid frequency sonar is should be replaced by a new version, which has less effect on mammals.
The US Navy should depend on the passive sonar more than the active sonar because it is less harmful to mammals; this is because the more they use active sonar, the more mammals will die.
The mid frequency sonar is very old; it was used since the second world war, and from that time untill now have been now changes in the machine; so the US Navy should try to make a new machine, which is the same result but is less harmful.
The US Navy should use machines to move whales from the sonar frequency, so they can make the mammals safer. In response, the US Navy should develop their sonar machine; depend on passive sonar more and to use machines that move whales away. Human should rule this world well.
United State Navy (n-d.). retrieved from http://www.whalesandsonar.navy.mil/understanding_sonar.htm http://www.whalesandsonar.navy.mil/marine_mammal_protection.htm http://www.whalesandsonar.navy.mil/index.htm on (13/07/2006)

The Danger Of Whales

According to the BBC News in “Hawaii whales at risk from boats,” that the numbers of whales in Hawaii are increasing annually, which affectd on boats badly the number of accident is increasing annually and the tourism boat owners are the victims of this problem. The danger of whales is increasing whenever they surface the ocean. To avoid there problems boats should be far from the whales, and try to travel below 13 knots. He also mentions that when whales get injured they will disappear in the ocean and never be seen again by the boats. Many ships are watching the Hawaii Ocean; the ocean is protected internationally since 1966 and shipped under the US federal law.

Boats should have a sensor to know the places of the whales and to avoid them. that will decrease the number of dead whales and make oceans safer.
Whales will get the biggest benefit from this machine, because it will decrease the number of dead whales; whales will live more safely,and have their one life with out any danger from the boats; this will guarantee the whales will live for ever, because killing them is bad for the environment, and will affect it more badly, and If we do that, people in (NOAA) will stop talking, which will be better for the business.
People's safety is also a major problem, because if people see there whales get killed, some of them will not be customers again, which will affect negatively on business, and it could get them in big trouble with the governments who control there oceans and other communities which can make them lose their licenses. The benefit is that it will attract all kind of customers because they will feel that it will not affect badly on the environment and it’s not harmful for the whales.
Oceans will be safer, more business will grow, people will be more satisfied by getting more money, (NOAA) and other administrations will not have any problem with the business, and the community will be more satisfied.

BBC NEWS web site (2006, may 8) “Hawaii whales at risk from boats,”